40s BC
From left, clockwise: Julius Caesar crossing the Rubicon; Fire of Alexandria following a Roman siege; Assassination of Pompey the Great; Assassination of Julius Caesar.
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This article concerns the period 49 BC – 40 BC.
Significant people
[edit]- Julius Caesar, Roman dictator (lived 100–44 BC, term 46–44 BC)
- Marcus Junius Brutus, Roman politician (85–42 BC)
- Mark Antony, Roman politician and general (83–30 BC)
- Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69–30 BC, reigned 51–30 BC)—enters her twenties, has son Caesarion with Julius Caesar, before meeting Mark Antony
- Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus, Roman politician and general (62 BC–AD 14)
- Pharaoh Ptolemy XV Caesarion (lived 47–30 BC, reigned 44–30 BC)
- Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman politician (died 42 BC)
Births
49 BC
- Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, Roman consul (d. 25 AD)
48 BC
- Lady Ban, Chinese concubine and female poet
- Lucius Calpurnius Piso, Roman consul (d. AD 32)
- Publius Cornelius Scipio, Roman consul and governor
47 BC
- June 23 – Caesarion, prince of Egypt, later Ptolemy XV (d. 30 BC)
- Marcus Antonius Antyllus, son of Mark Antony and Fulvia (d. 30 BC)
46 BC
- Antipater, son of Herod the Great (d. 4 BC)
- Lucius Seius Strabo, Roman prefect of the Praetorian Guard (d. 16 AD)
- Publius Quinctilius Varus, Roman politician and general (d. 9 AD)
45 BC
- Iullus Antonius, son of Mark Antony and Fulvia; consul 10 BC (d. 2 BC)
- Wang Mang, usurper of the Han dynasty and emperor of the Xin dynasty (d. AD 23)
44 BC
- Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, Roman statesman and governor (d. 20 AD)
43 BC
- March 20 – Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid), Roman poet (d. AD 17/18)[1]
- Iotapa, princess of Media Atropatene (daughter of Artavasdes I)
- Iullus Antonius, Roman consul (son of Mark Antony) (d. 2 BC)
42 BC
- November 16 – Tiberius, Roman emperor (d. 37 AD)[2]
- Marcus Claudius Marcellus, nephew of Augustus (d. 23 BC)
41 BC
- Gaius Asinius Gallus Saloninus, Roman consul under Caesar Augustus (d. AD 33)
40 BC
- Ariobarzanes II, Roman client king of Armenia (d. 4 AD)
- Cleopatra Selene (d. AD 6) and Alexander Helios (d. between 29 and 25 BC), twins of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony
Deaths
49 BC
- January 10 – Xuan of Han, emperor of the Han dynasty (b. 91 BC)
- Aristobulus II, king and high priest of Judea
- Gaius Memmius, Roman orator and poet (presumed).
- Gaius Scribonius Curio, Roman politician
- Jieyou, princess of the Han dynasty (b. 121 BC)
- Marcus Perperna, Roman politician
- Zheng Ji, general of the Han dynasty
48 BC
- September 28 – Pompey (the Great), Roman politician (b. 106 BC)[3]
- Afriana Carfania, Roman orator
- Cotys I, Thracian client king of the Odrysian Kingdom
- Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, Roman statesman
- Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, Roman politician
- Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, Roman politician
- Titus Annius Milo, Roman politician
- Zhang Chang, Chinese scholar and official
47 BC
- Pharnaces II of Pontus, king of the Bosporan Kingdom (b. c. 97 BC)
- Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator, king of Egypt (drowned in the Nile)
- Alexander, Hasmonean prince (executed)
46 BC
- April 12 - Marcus Porcius Cato (the Younger), Roman politician (b. 95 BC) (commits suicide)
- Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Roman politician and quaestor
- Juba I, king of Numidia (killed after the Battle of Thapsus)
- Saburra, General of Juba I (killed in battle by Publius Sittius)
- Lucius Afranius, Roman consul and governor (b. 112 BC)
- Lucius Manlius Torquatus, Roman politician and general
- Marcus Petreius, Roman politician and general (b. 110 BC) (commits suicide)
- Quintus Caecilius Metellus Scipio, Roman consul and general (commits suicide)
- Vercingetorix, Gaulish king and chieftain of the Arverni tribe (executed at the end of a triumph)
45 BC
- February – Tullia, daughter of Cicero (b. 79 BC or 78 BC)
- March 17
- Titus Labienus, Roman general (killed in the Battle of Munda) (b. c. 100 BC)
- Publius Attius Varus, Roman governor (killed in the Battle of Munda)
- April 12 – Gnaeus Pompeius, son of Pompey the Great (executed after the Battle of Munda)
- December 31 – Quintus Fabius Maximus, Roman general and politician
- Nigidius Figulus, Roman scholar (b. 98 BC)
- Publius Cornelius Sulla, Roman politician
44 BC
- March 15 – Julius Caesar, Roman politician and general (assassinated in the Theatre of Pompey)[4] (b. 100 BC)
- July 26 – Ptolemy XIV, king (pharaoh) of Egypt (approximate date)
- Burebista, Thracian king of the Getae and Dacian tribes
- Lucius Caninius Gallus, Roman politician
- Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus, Roman consul
- Publius Sittius, Roman Mercenary commander
43 BC
- April 22 – Gaius Vibius Pansa, Roman consul and general (killed in battle)
- December 7 – Cicero, Roman statesman and orator (murdered) (b. 106 BC)[5]
- Antipater the Idumaean, Jewish founder of the Herodian dynasty (murdered)
- Atia, niece of Julius Caesar and mother of Augustus (b. 85 BC)
- Aulus Hirtius, Roman consul and historian (killed in battle)
- Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, Roman statesman (murdered) (b. c. 81 BC)
- Decimus Laberius, Roman nobleman and Latin writer (b. c. 105 BC)
- Gaius Trebonius, Roman politician (assassin of Julius Caesar)
- Gaius Verres, Roman politician and governor (b. c. 120 BC)
- Lucius Calpurnius Piso, Roman consul and governor (b. c. 100 BC)
- Lucius Minucius Basilus, Roman politician (assassin of Julius Caesar, murdered by his own slaves)
- Lucius Roscius Fabatus, Roman politician (killed in battle)
- Pontius Aquila, Roman politician (assassin of Julius Caesar)
- Publius Cornelius Dolabella, suffect consul after the assassination of Julius Caesar (b. 70 BC)
- Publilius Syrus, Syrian comic dramatist and Latin writer
- Quintus Pedius, suffect consul after the assassination of Julius Caesar
- Quintus Tullius Cicero, Roman statesman and general (b. 102 BC)
- Servius Sulpicius Rufus, Roman politician and jurist (b. c. 106 BC)
42 BC
- October 3 – Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman nobleman (assassin of Julius Caesar) (suicide)
- Marcus Junius Brutus, Roman politician (assassin of Julius Caesar) (b. 85 BC)[6]
- Gaius Antonius, Roman general and brother of Mark Antony (murdered)
- Lucius Tillius Cimber, Roman nobleman (assassin of Julius Caesar)
- Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus, Roman nobleman and supporter of Brutus (suicide)
- Marcus Porcius Cato, Roman nobleman and son of Cato the Younger (killed in battle)
- Porcia, wife of Brutus (suicide) (approximate date) (b. c. 70 BC)
- Publius Servilius Casca Longus, Roman nobleman (assassin of Julius Caesar)
- Pacuvius Labeo, Roman jurist (assassin of Julius Caesar) (suicide)
41 BC
- Arsinoe IV, Egyptian princess and (half) sister of Cleopatra VII (b. 68 or 67 BC)
- Pasherienptah III, Egyptian High Priest of Ptah (b. 90 BC)[7]
- Serapion, Egyptian general (strategos) and governor
40 BC
- Fulvia, wife of Publius Clodius Pulcher and Mark Antony (b. 77 BC)
- Gaius Claudius Marcellus, Roman consul (b. 88 BC)
- Lucius Decidius Saxa, Roman general and governor
- Phasael, prince of the Herodian dynasty of Judea
- Quintus Fufius Calenus, Roman general and consul
- Quintus Salvidienus Rufus, Roman general and advisor
- Simeon ben Shetach, Pharisee scholar and prince (Nasi)
- Tigellius, Sardinian lyric poet (close friend of Julius Caesar)
References
[edit]- ^ Kenney, Edward John. "Ovid". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
- ^ "Tiberius (42 BC-37AD". BBC. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
- ^ "Pompey the Great | Roman statesman | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
- ^ LeGlay, Marcel; Voisin, Jean-Louis; Le Bohec, Yann (2001). A History of Rome (Second ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. p. 129. ISBN 0-631-21858-0.
- ^ Ferguson, John; Balsdon, John P.V. Dacre. "Cicero". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
- ^ Badian, E. (February 19, 2024). "Marcus Junius Brutus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
- ^ "Ptolemaic High Priests of Memphis: Imhotep frame". www.tyndalehouse.com. Retrieved 2018-03-22.